web协议与抓包实战第六章、TP协议笔记

tcp/Web 协议详解与抓包实战/6、TP协议.md

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+> [TOC]
+
+# 1、网络层与链路层的功能
+
+## 1.1、网络层功能（主要关注性能）
+
+![image-20220820124110410](assets/image-20220820124110410.png)
+
+## 1.2、数据链路层功能
+
+![image-20220820124137359](assets/image-20220820124137359.png)
+
+## 1.3、多播：广播与组播
+
+![image-20220820124240241](assets/image-20220820124240241.png)
+
+# 2、IPv4 分类地址
+
+## 2.1、定义
+
+![image-20220820125012282](assets/image-20220820125012282.png)
+
+## 2.2、IP 地址的分配机构
+
+![image-20220820125159983](assets/image-20220820125159983.png)
+
+![image-20220820125239948](assets/image-20220820125239948.png)
+
+* 网络地址：内网局域网
+
+## 2.3、分类 IP 地址的优点
+
+![image-20220820130044875](assets/image-20220820130044875.png)
+
+## 2.4、分类 IP 寻址的问题
+
+![image-20220820130102805](assets/image-20220820130102805.png)
+
+# 3、CIDR无分类地址
+
+## 3.1、定义
+
+![image-20220820130152762](assets/image-20220820130152762.png)
+
+## 3.2、CIDR 子网划分示例
+
+![image-20220820130442476](assets/image-20220820130442476.png)
+
+![image-20220820130638652](assets/image-20220820130638652.png)
+
+## 3.3、特殊IP地址含义
+
+![image-20220820130718586](assets/image-20220820130718586.png)
+
+![image-20220820130924395](assets/image-20220820130924395.png)
+
+# 4、IP 地址与链路地址的转换：ARP与RARP协议
+
+## 4.1、MAC地址
+
+![image-20220820131601143](assets/image-20220820131601143.png)
+
+## 4.2、2.5 层协议 ARP：从IP 地址寻找MAC地址
+
+![image-20220820131644588](assets/image-20220820131644588.png)
+
+![image-20220820131745021](assets/image-20220820131745021.png)
+
+* 本地缓存MAC-IP对应关系
+* 提高效率
+
+## 4.3、ARP 报文格式
+
+![image-20220820132002062](assets/image-20220820132002062.png)
+
+![image-20220820132023700](assets/image-20220820132023700.png)
+
+## 4.4、2.5 层协议 RARP：从MAC 地址中寻找IP地址
+
+![image-20220820132126848](assets/image-20220820132126848.png)
+
+![image-20220820132143803](assets/image-20220820132143803.png)
+
+## 4.5、RARP 报文格式
+
+![image-20220820132158621](assets/image-20220820132158621.png)
+
+## 4.6、ARP 欺骗
+
+![image-20220820132214443](assets/image-20220820132214443.png)
+
+# 5、NAT 地址转换与LVS 负载均衡
+
+## 5.1、IPv4 地址短缺
+
+![image-20220820132340919](assets/image-20220820132340919.png)
+
+![image-20220820132350207](assets/image-20220820132350207.png)
+
+## 5.2、NAT（IP Network Address Translator）应用的前提
+
+![image-20220820132912557](assets/image-20220820132912557.png)
+
+## 5.3、单向（向外）转换NAT：动态映射
+
+![image-20220820132931581](assets/image-20220820132931581.png)
+
+## 5.4、NAPT 端口映射：Network Address Port Translation
+
+![image-20220820133701137](assets/image-20220820133701137.png)
+
+* 与传输层有关：TCP协议
+
+## 5.5、双向（向内）NAT：IP 地址静态映射
+
+![image-20220820153141645](assets/image-20220820153141645.png)
+
+* 没有端口映射
+* ip地址经常变化
+
+## 5.6、NAT 优点
+
+![image-20220820153329582](assets/image-20220820153329582.png)
+
+# 6、IP 选路协议
+
+## 6.1、如何传输 IP 报文？
+
+![image-20220820153424313](assets/image-20220820153424313.png)
+
+## 6.2、路由表
+
+![image-20220820153537454](assets/image-20220820153537454.png)
+
+## 6.3、RIP
+
+![image-20220820153618032](assets/image-20220820153618032.png)
+
+## 6.4、OSPF 内部选路协议
+
+![image-20220820153708433](assets/image-20220820153708433.png)
+
+![image-20220820153959540](assets/image-20220820153959540.png)
+
+## 6.5、BGP
+
+![image-20220820154017642](assets/image-20220820154017642.png)
+
+# 7、MTU 与 IP 报文分片
+
+## 7.1、IP报文格式
+
+![image-20220820154237558](assets/image-20220820154237558.png)
+
+## 7.2、MTU
+
+![image-20220820154449223](assets/image-20220820154449223.png)
+
+![image-20220820154540744](assets/image-20220820154540744.png)
+
+## 7.3、避免报文分片
+
+![image-20220820154600158](assets/image-20220820154600158.png)
+
+![image-20220820154626896](assets/image-20220820154626896.png)
+
+# 8、IP 协议的助手：ICMP 协议
+
+## 8.1、定义
+
+![image-20220820154928355](assets/image-20220820154928355.png)
+
+## 8.2、ICMP协议格式
+
+![image-20220820154944959](assets/image-20220820154944959.png)
+
+## 8.3、ICMPv4 报文类型
+
+![image-20220820155038191](assets/image-20220820155038191.png)
+
+![image-20220820155047144](assets/image-20220820155047144.png)
+
+![image-20220820155058439](assets/image-20220820155058439.png)
+
+![image-20220820155108037](assets/image-20220820155108037.png)
+
+# 9、多播与 IGMP 协议
+
+## 9.1、广播与组播
+
+![image-20220820155259241](assets/image-20220820155259241.png)
+
+## 9.2、广播地址
+
+![image-20220820155310951](assets/image-20220820155310951.png)
+
+## 9.3、组播IP地址
+
+![image-20220820155326991](assets/image-20220820155326991.png)
+
+![image-20220820155340804](assets/image-20220820155340804.png)
+
+* 以太网地址：MAC地址
+
+## 9.4、IGMP
+
+![image-20220820155511338](assets/image-20220820155511338.png)
+
+* 路由器知道组和组里面的IP
+
+![image-20220820155722144](assets/image-20220820155722144.png)
+
+![image-20220820155728454](assets/image-20220820155728454.png)